COA Tutorial
CA VS CO
Evolution of Computing Devices
Functional units of Digital System
Basic Operational Concepts

General System Architecture
Store Program Control Concept
Flynn's Classification of Computers
Computer Registers

Computer Instructions
Design of Control Unit
Instruction Cycle
Control Logic Gates

Digital Computers
Logic Gates
Boolean Algebra
Examples of Boolean algebra simplification
Laws of Boolean Algebra
Simplification using Boolean Algebra

Map Simplification
Examples

Combinational Circuits
Half - Adder
Full - Adder

S-R Flip-Flop
D Flip-Flop
JK Flip-Flop
T Flip-Flop

Integrated Circuits
Decoders
Encoders
Multiplexers
De - multiplexers
Registers
Shift Registers

Register Transfer Language
Register Transfer
Bus and Memory Transfer

Arithmetic Micro-Operations
Binary Adder
Binary Adder-Subtractor
Binary Incrementer

Memory Hierarchy
Main Memory
Auxiliary Memory
Associative Memory
Cache Memory

Parallel Processing
Pipelining
Arithmetic Pipeline
Instruction Pipeline

Booth's Multiplication Algorithm
Branch Instruction in Computer Organization
Data Representation in Computer Organization
ALU and Data Path in Computer Organization
External memory in Computer Organization
Structured Computer Organization
Types of Register in Computer Organization
Secondary Storage Devices in Computer Organization
Types of Operands in Computer Organization
Serial Communication in Computer organization
Addressing Sequencing in Computer Organization
Simplified Instructional Computer
Arithmetic Instructions in AVR microcontroller
Conventional Computing VS Quantum Computing
Instruction set used in Simplified Instructional Computer
Branch Instruction in AVR microcontroller
Conditional Branch instruction in AVR Microcontroller
Types of Register in Computer Organization
Data transfer instruction in AVR microcontroller
Memory-based vs Register-based addressing modes
1's complement Representation vs 2's complement Representation
CALL Instructions and Stack in AVR Microcontroller
Difference between Call and Jump Instructions
Overflow in Arithmetic Addition in Binary number System
Horizontal Micro-programmed Vs. Vertical Micro-programmed Control Unit
Hardwired vs Micro-programmed Control Unit
Non-Restoring Division Algorithm for Unsigned Integer
Restoring Division Algorithm for Unsigned Integer
Debugging a Machine-level Program
Dependencies and Data Hazard in pipeline in Computer Organization
Execution, Stages and Throughput in Pipeline
Types of Pipeline Delay and Stalling
Timing Diagram of MOV Instruction
Advantages and Disadvantages of Flash Memory
Importance/Need of negative feedback in amplifiers
Anti-Aliasing - Computer Graphics
Bus Arbitration in Computer Organization
Convert a number from Base 2 (Binary) to Base 6
Cache Coherence
EHCI
Cache Memory and Virtual Memory
Electrical Potential and Potential Difference
RAM and Cache
SIM and RIM instructions in 8085 processor
Clusters in Computer Organisation
Data Types and Addressing Modes of 80386/80386DX Microprocessor

next → ← prev

Instruction Cycle

A program residing in the memory unit of a computer consists of a sequence of instructions. These instructions are executed by the processor by going through a cycle for each instruction.

In a basic computer, each instruction cycle consists of the following phases:

Fetch instruction from memory.
Decode the instruction.
Read the effective address from memory.
Execute the instruction.

Input-Output Configuration

In computer architecture, input-output devices act as an interface between the machine and the user.

Instructions and data stored in the memory must come from some input device. The results are displayed to the user through some output device.

The following block diagram shows the input-output configuration for a basic computer.

The input-output terminals send and receive information.
The amount of information transferred will always have eight bits of an alphanumeric code.
The information generated through the keyboard is shifted into an input register 'INPR'.
The information for the printer is stored in the output register 'OUTR'.
Registers INPR and OUTR communicate with a communication interface serially and with the AC in parallel.
The transmitter interface receives information from the keyboard and transmits it to INPR.
The receiver interface receives information from OUTR and sends it to the printer serially.

Design of a Basic Computer

A basic computer consists of the following hardware components.

A memory unit with 4096 words of 16 bits each
Registers: AC (Accumulator), DR (Data register), AR (Address register), IR (Instruction register), PC (Program counter), TR (Temporary register), SC (Sequence Counter), INPR (Input register), and OUTR (Output register).
Flip-Flops: I, S, E, R, IEN, FGI and FGO