时态知识解析.

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1 时态知识解析

2 时态 英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的只有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。 要掌握英语的时态和语态，必须掌握好英语中的助动词(do, be, have)和时间状语这两个核心问题。 1、一般现在时 主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语； 表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 eg:He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning. eg:She has a brother who lives in New York. eg:Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

3 考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。
eg：I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时；常用的引导词有：时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day; 条件：if, unless, provided. Eg:If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon. 考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 Eg: So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment.  只要他努力工作， 我不介意他什么时候做完试验。

4 2、现在进行时  表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动：或表感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。  eg:We are having English class. eg:The house is being built these days. eg:The little boy is always making trouble.

5 考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。　
Eg:Look out when you are crossing the street. Eg:Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning. 考点二： 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。 Eg:Marry is leaving on Friday. 注意：特别指按“飞机火车时刻表”的时候用一般现在时表将来。 Eg:The train starts at 7:00.

6 3、现在完成时 表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语： 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点 eg:They have lived in Beijing for five years.  Eg:They have lived in Beijing since 考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, eg: Has it stopped raining yet ?

7 考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。 in the past few years/months/weeks/days；; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等  考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词 ＋that” 后面跟现在完成时。 This is my first time that I have visited China. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. That is the only book that he has written.

8 4．一般过去时 表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when, 注意： 考点一：used to + do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。 be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于 eg:He used to smoke a lot. Eg:He has got used to getting up early. 考点二：表示过去习惯性动作。特别是由would/ used to do表达的句型，本身表示的 就是过去时。 例：The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park and look at others for hours without doing anything or talking to anybody.（老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上，看着其他的人，一坐就是数个小时，什么也不干，也不和任何人交谈。） He used to visit his mother once a week.（他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。）

9 5. 过去进行时 表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。 Eg:What were you doing at nine last night? Eg;The radio was being repaired when you called me.

10 6. 过去完成时 表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, up till )    eg:By the end of last term we had finished the book.  eg:They finished earlier than we had expected.

11 考点一：用于hardly/scarcely. when; no sooner
考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than 句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。 I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow. No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. （注意主谓倒装） 考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。 　Eg:That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather. Eg:It was 3 years since we had parted。 考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。 Eg:I had hoped that I could do the job. Eg:I had intended to see you but I was too busy.

12 7. 一般将来时 表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。
Eg:Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中： eg:We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes. （主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。） 考点二：“祈使句 + and/or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。 Eg;Use your head and you will find a way.

13 考点三：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。 I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow. 考点四：“am (is, are) going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。 “am (is, are) about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。 “am (is, are) to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。 They are to be married in this May.

14 8、将来进行时 　表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 9、将来完成时 表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。 常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.

15 10. 动词的语态 一般用于强调受者， 做题时谓语动词不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。 考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组  come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed  It took place before liberation.

16 考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。 lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )；  Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。  The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。 The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。 考点三：一些常用经典被动句型：  It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…， It is expected…, It is estimated…,  这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”，“人们认为……”， 而 “以前人们认为……” 则应该说：It was believed…, It was thought

17 Practice makes perfect.

18 D 1.Until then, his family _________ from him for six months. A) didn't hear B) hasn't been hearing C) hasn't heard D) hadn't heard 分析：全句的意思是：“到那时为止，他家里已经有六个月没得到他的消息了。”由此可以看出，谓语动词的动作延续到过去的某一时刻才完成，因此谓语要用过去完成时。答案是D)。

19 2.Great as Newton was, many of his ideas ___________ today and are being modified by the work of scientists of our time. A) are to challenge B) may be challenged C) have been challenged D) are challenging C 分析：全句的意思是：“虽然牛顿是个伟大的人物，但他的许多见解直到今天还在受到挑战，并且被现代科学家的工作所修正。”challenge是及物动词，在本句中应当是被动语态；其动作延续到今天，所以要用现在完成时态。可见答案是C) have been challenged。

20 B 3._______ the school when the bell rang. A. I hardly had B. Hardly had I reached C. I hardly reached D. Hardly did I reach

21 4.考查现在完成时与一般过去式的区别： 一般过去时着重说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式等，与现在不发生联系；而现在完成时只说明现在的情况，对现在有影响。 ---- Have you read a book called Waiting For Anya? ---- Who _____ it ? ( 08北京卷) A. writes B. has written C. wrote D. had written

22 5.考查现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别 现在完成时强调完成，现在完成进行时强调持续性、未完成 I have written an article. 　　　　 I have been writing an article. ---Hi, Tracy, you look tired. --- I am tired. I ____ the living room all day. Painted B. had painted C. have been painting D. have painted