learn_english

动词时态

从上一节知道，语法中最重要的是成分，成分中最重要的是谓语，其实就是动词，下面聚焦限定动词，关注时态。

动词时态可以总结为12种，如下表格。

suppressMessages(library(tidyverse))
matrix(1:12,nrow = 4) %>% 
    `rownames<-`(c('一般时','进行时','完成时','完成+进行时')) %>% 
    `colnames<-`(c('过去','现在','将来'))

##             过去 现在 将来
## 一般时         1    5    9
## 进行时         2    6   10
## 完成时         3    7   11
## 完成+进行时    4    8   12

一般时

一般时是最简单，表示一件事情发生在某个时间

1. I wash my car.
2. I washed my car (yesterday).
3. I will wash my car (tomorrow).

这里时间状语为什么要打上()，就是因为说话不必加上时间状语，动词时态的改变，不应当要求时间状语一定存在。 这在口语中很常见，当时间状语是隐含时，就不说了，多看美剧。

进行时

下面讲进行时。

进行时表示运动的发生过程。

1. I was washing my car when he saw me (yesterday).

当他看到我时（可能是昨天），我正在洗车。

这里比较好的解释是 把 was 看成谓语动词，washing my car 看成是形容词，表示一个“洗车”状态，显然这个状态是一个运动的过程，因此这样的解释很好阐述了进行时的深层含义。 同理，

1. He was killed.

killed 有结束和被动意味，看成一个形容词，这也很好理解。

同样地，

1. I am washing my car when he sees me.
2. I am washing my car (tomorrow) when he will see me.

都是指某一个时间点时，我在洗车这个运动状态。

过去将来时

Yesterday he said he would wash his car, but he didn’t.

时间大小

Yesterday = said < wash < now

完成时和完成进行时

完成时表示当前时间，一个行为

1. 在过去已经发生
2. 在当前已经结束

完成进行时，是完成时的加强版，加入了进行时的特性

[完成进行时 = 完成时 + 进行时]

完成进行时表示当前时间，一个行为

1. 在过去已经发生
2. 在当前还要继续

例如

I have seen this movie.

这部电影我已经看过了，但是我也没说什么时候看过，那么至少当前时间是看过了。

Yesterday He had washed his car before I got to his house.

wash < get to … < Yesterday

Yesterday he had been washing his car for 3 hours before to his house.

wash < get to < (wash) < Yesterday

He has (already) washed his car before I get to his house.

wash < get to … < now

He had been washing his car for 3 hours before to his house.

wash < get to < (wash) < now

He will have washed his car by next week.

now < wash < get to … < now < next week

He will have been washing his car for 5 days by next week

now < wash < next week < wash

作业

背景汶川地震

1. Some buildings that were destoryed in the 921 earthequake had been poorly constructed.
2. Never before had rescue workers in Taiwan handled so many victims as they did in the aftermath of 921.